The story of Prometheus Bound evokes a high level of emotion and drama in each piece as read. Aristotle defines this as utilizing “form of action” to draw out passion and attachment to the hero in question for tragedy. The chorus in Prometheus Bound utilizes many, if not all elements as defined by classical Greek drama: the ideal spectator, character, mood, cadence, and ethical framework. As the daughters of Oceanus, they draw out the sympathy of the audience for Prometheus as he is chained to the mountain at Zeus’s whim. They represent a “foil” type character for Zeus in that they refuse to forsake Prometheus as a friend and thereby establish sufficient ethical framework for the audience.
By instilling pity in the spectator, sorrow and tragedy prevail as the general mood for the play. Yet, Aeschylus does not stop at the chorus in order to appeal to his audience. By having Prometheus recount his sacrifice for humankind, he relates personally to those listening so as to draw out more of an emotional reaction with full involvement rather than simple spectatorship. As followers of Greek myths and stories, the original audiences for these might have seen Prometheus as worthy of praise and recognition because of the gifts he claims to have given them, ultimately regarded as power. In continuation of the plot, Io enters to give example as to the true wrath and disregard of Zeus to show him as a negative influence rather than a character worth deifying. She also stands to give light to Prometheus’s clairvoyant abilities. More characters like these, such as Oceanus, also help establish a strong ethical framework by giving example as to who and how certain entities feel sympathy for Prometheus, therefore adding legitimacy to such reaction. Through such tense, Prometheus does not allow the audience to view him as weak in defiance, for he does not listen to Oceanus when he tries to convince Prometheus that winning does not always consist of force and that he does not have to face his troubles alone, therefore adding to his stubborn reputation. Prometheus Bound depicts Prometheus as a titan of his own kind in which he finds no comfort in following others and therefore pays the consequence for his brash attitudes towards other gods.
In conclusion to the play, Aeschylus utilizes Prometheus to reinforce the idea of rhythm and harmonious beat in which Prometheus finishes by establishing himself as an earnestly defiant character. He furthers his identity as a hero by failing to comply with the orders of the tyrannous Zeus despite his total knowledge of his ultimate fate and consequence: “I am ready. Let him wreathe curls of scorching flame around me”
Seated gloriously on his renal throne, Zeus, the almighty King of the Gods, peered over mankind with a sneer of jealous contempt. Once a very primitive race, mankind was doomed to perish; however, a Titan chose to bequeath the flame of knowledge upon their dark realm. Consequently, humanity prospered, their fate escaped; but what of the Titan Prometheus? Plastered onto a rock at the ends of the Earth, he lay; liver feasted upon daily by avaricious vultures. He who counters the wishes of the Almighty Jove shall perish eternally.
The epic tale Prometheus Bound proves worthy of eminent laud, not because of its detailed depiction of a tyrant’s wrath upon a radical, but because of Aeschylus’ manipulation of literary techniques to promote dark irony and burdening conflict. Regard Prometheus’ cry, “…The secret fount of fire/ I sought, and found…Whence arts have sprung to man, and life hath drawn/ Rich store of comforts. For such deed I suffer/ These bonds…Here crucified…” (Clark 2). Prometheus admits that he is indeed being tortured for a people who now flourish from his aid; however, upon recollection, it deems apparent that the people were first to suffer. The roles were, thus, sharply reversed; Aeschylus’ most deceitful paradox. Delving into literary context, the use of adjectives such as “Rich” and “secret” amplify the significance of Prometheus’ actions, hence foreshadowing the gravity of his consequence. Symbolically, note the term “crucified”. It seems to allude to the crucifixion of Jesus Christ, who too, was condemned for the love of humanity.
Of the many conflicts uprooted throughout Aeschylus’ work, it is most rational to conceive that- inter man and self- most prominent. Take the characters of Haphaestus and Oceanus into consideration. Upon sight of Prometheus’ cursed conditions, both men plunged themselves into waves of immediate grief and sympathy; yet neither would ransom his own security for the sake of the helpless Titan. Ironically even, it is Haphaestus who nailed his “kinsman” (Clark 2) against a boulder, not once questioning the ethics of his actions. Perhaps physical burden and social exile are indeed greater prices to pay than moral reprisal.
Undeniably, the theme of Power being valuable dominates this dramatic play. Zeus’ fuel to fabricate law without jurisdiction, the human races’ advancement upon receiving fire, the Ministers of Jove eternally latched onto Zeus’ every will; they all exemplify the effects of omnipotence. With its lack, however, the opposite occurs. Souls grow hesitant and weak, replacing moral responsibility with selfish reasoning; such examples being Haphaestus and Oceanus. Thus, acquiesce that it was indeed a combination of power and its lack that catalyzed the conviction of Prometheus. He sacrificed his potency for the weakness of others, igniting his condemnation. Thus, here lies Aeschylus’ darkest irony: the savior pays the price of the saved.
In the story of Prometheus Bound, it begins with Prometheus being chained to a mountain top for stealing fire from Jove (Zeus) and giving it to the humans. The humans were Prometheus’s creation and thus he had a certain affinity to them as though they were his own children. He was willing to suffer eternal pain so that his creation could live with knowledge. Prometheus, an immortal titan, knew the consequences of his actions would be eternal suffering by the wrath of Jove. This entire disregard for the wrath of Jove is one of the most important aspects of the story as it is what creates the plot of the play. If Prometheus had cared what Jove wanted, Prometheus would never have been chained to the mountain. Prometheus’s love for humans transcends the boundary of selflessness in that he cares so much about humans that he will suffer an eternity so that mankind can have knowledge and power.
The wrath of Jove is not something taken lightly by other gods, as seen in the words of Hephaestus where he says, “…where Jove commands, whoso neglects rebels, and pays the traitor’s fine…Jove is not weak that he should bend; for young authority must be harsh and severe.” In these lines, Hephaestus does not want to hurt Prometheus, but he would rather hurt Prometheus than suffer the wrath of Jove. Hephaestus knows that should he betray Jove he will be considered a traitor and that a traitor’s punishment is “harsh and severe.” Though in another perspective, Might believes that Jove’s punishment is just since no one should dare to go against the will of Jove. This is shown when Might says, “Let his pride learn to bow to Jove supreme and love men well, but love them not too much.” These lines can be interpreted that the love of humans should not exceed the love of Jove.
The most touching aspect of this play is how Prometheus suffers for the love of his creation. Prometheus says that before him, mankind could not see nor hear nor speak; they had no knowledge and they were, “housed like tiny ants in sunless caves.” He taught them how to make medicine and to cook meat, and “from the flickering flame taught men to spell.” Prometheus sees nothing wrong in teaching men this knowledge as it is necessary for life. He says that only a fool would say that he was wrong. This is shown in the line, “None but a fool, a prating fool, will stint me of this praise. And thus, with one short word to sum the tale, Prometheus taught all arts to mortal men.” Here he indirectly calls Jove a fool for thinking that his actions of helping mankind were not laudable. He believes Jove is unfair and will not budge in his ways. This is shown in the lines, “Let him wreathe curls of scorching flame around me; Let him fret the air with thunder, and the savage blustering winds!...Bound in the iron folds of Fate, I will bear: but cannot die.” This shows that Prometheus does not care what else Jove does because he is already suffering and cannot die, as he is immortal; there is nothing else Jove can do that would hurt Prometheus more.
Even though all the other gods fear Jove above all else, Prometheus knows that Jove is not eternal and will eventually suffer his own fate. Prometheus does what he thinks is right albeit he must go against the will of Jove. Even when all the other gods are advising Prometheus to do Jove’s will he chooses to do what he believes is right, regardless of the consequences, because of his love of mankind.
Many people today get criticized for loving people of another race, especially if that race is considered a ‘lesser’ or unworthy race. But very rarely does a person actually get physically punished for loving those of another race. In “Prometheus Unbound,” Prometheus got punished because he was a Titan who loved and cared for a ‘lesser’ race than his own, the race of men. In present times, this might be the equivalent of a king or president of a country loving all of his or her citizens equally and getting brutally punished for it, just because the citizens are considered ‘lesser beings’ than themselves. I think this is rather outrageous, since all Prometheus actually did was love humankind as he loved his own race, and wanted to help them succeed and accomplish things as their own race.
Prometheus gave men the gift of fire, which led to knowledge, which in turn resulted in power. This marked the beginning of humankind as an established race, because after receiving the gift of fire from Prometheus, men could accomplish many other things (such as cooking meat) which they could not prior to the invention of fire. Men also received the gift of writing from Prometheus, which he claimed was the best invention he gave them since men could now record everything they knew. This ensured the continued existence of men and kept knowledge alive for future generations. So in the eyes of Zeus and the other Gods, Prometheus not only gave to men the gift of fire, but he helped them survive and evolve as a race, which made men not that much ‘lesser’ than the Gods and Titans. This upset and angered Zeus since he wanted to keep man the lesser race, so instead of settling for men being a ‘lower’ existence in the hierarchy of races, he wanted to destroy the race completely by killing them all.
The play “Prometheus Unbound” reminds me how important it is to not discriminate others simply according to their race, and to love others as you love yourself and those close to you. Every life is of value, and it shouldn’t be that some are worth more than others. We all have something unique and worthwhile to contribute to society and the world, so we should recognize this and appreciate it. Maybe if Zeus had realized this, Prometheus could have been saved from pain and agony for loving people who deserved to be loved and deserved the right to live. As stated in the play, the gift of fire from Prometheus led to other inventions which helped men survive, showing that humankind was an intellectual race worthy of life. Even though our races and beliefs may vary widely, it’s our differences that make us who we are and allow us to contribute our own little gift to each other, and ultimately to the world which we are all a part of.
Upon observing Prometheus’s gift of fire to mortals, one will also notice a different burning flame this human-respecting titan shared: his own passion. It was his passion that led him to side with Zeus against his own kind. His passion for mortals led Prometheus to share the knowledge he was entrusted with, knowing there would be repercussions for his actions.
This fiery passion is first spotted when the feud between Kronos and Zeus leads Prometheus to oppose all other titans in his decision to join Zeus’s side. It is this passionate loyalty to his own beliefs that supports him in abandoning his own people. Passion is the only acceptable word to describe an emotion allowing one to forsake all of his or her own kin to support a cause.
Prometheus does not solely reserve this passion for his own beliefs, as he displays it in his respect and nurturing of mortals. It is this emotion that drives Prometheus to support mortals, when Zeus wishes nothing but the destruction of them. “My great offense in aiding them, in teaching the babe to speak…” (p9) exemplifies Prometheus’s view of humans as small children in need of assistance. His devotion to the care of humans suggests he was a great defender of mortals against Zeus’s plan for their departure to Hades. Showing humans the wonder of fire is easily explained when one understands Prometheus’s stand on humans deserving a chance to grow and become successful, even if they are mortal.
The devotion shown to mortals by Prometheus might only be the result of a passion to share knowledge with others. He not only spread the gift of fire, but also taught men how to cure illness and the art of divination. “… I the difficult art of the stars revealed. Their risings and their settings. Numbers, too.” (p9) implies a feeling of pride Prometheus has in his instructing, suggesting a passion for simply teaching skills, not necessarily a desire to help humans.
These numerous displays of passion by Prometheus lead one to believe he was a titan with strong principles. He felt compelled to share his passion with, what Zeus believed to be, an inferior type of creation. Whether the idea to share his knowledge was driven by a passion for mortals or a passion to share knowledge in general, is not sure, however, it is known that Prometheus shared more than a literal flame. He allowed mortals to glimpse the fiery flame responsible for many decisions he made.
Prometheus Bound is a classic epic tale, during which the archetypal divine tyrant (Zeus) tortures the heroic figure to the point of tragedy. Prometheus is being chained to a rock as punishment for essentially being a friend to Zeus, and we follow him throughout his suffering with no lack of activity from Aeschylus’ well placed characters. The mark of a tyrant is distrust of his ‘friends’ so although Prometheus was the single factor leading to Zeus’ defeat of the Titans, the play opens with Zeus’ servants chaining him to the rock. Hephaestus is the servant in charge of chaining Prometheus to the rock and expresses his distaste for having to do such a thing to his friend, but the other servants urge him to complete the task under the notion that aiding an enemy of their God can only do him harm. Prometheus is soon visited by Oceanus’ daughters, functioning as the chorus, who display their sympathy for him, making it clear that Aeschylus intended on the audience feeling much the same. Prometheus then prophecies that one day, Zeus will find himself in harm’s way with his only hope being Prometheus. Although it was originally thought that Prometheus was punished for granting humanity fire, he discloses that he was actually punished for being the sole reason Zeus was able to defeat the Titans. At this point the chorus admonishes him. Oceanus flies in to plea with Prometheus. He begs him to discontinue his stubborn behavior and allow Oceanus to speak diplomatically with Zeus. Prometheus refuses and Oceanus leaves, at which point the chorus chimes in to remind the audience of the other atrocities Zeus has facilitated, one of them being Atlas’ being forced to hold the weight of the world. Io then appears and Prometheus explains his situation to her. The chorus helps to characterize her by asking her who she is and what she is being punished for, to which she replies that after being infatuated with her, Zeus turned her into a cow and she is now being followed by the ghost of the man who served as her guard and a gadfly. It is at this point that Prometheus finally reveals his prophecy: that Zeus will choose a mate whose son will one day cause the death of his father and subsequently, free him. The chorus once again reinforces Zeus’ negative nature by posing the dangers of falling in love out of one’s class, stating that they hope he never falls in love with them. Enraged at the thought of Io’s suffering, Prometheus yells out that Zeus’ son will kill him and Hermes appears to find out who the mother is. Prometheus refuses to tell him, condemning himself to even worse torture and the play concludes. Most notable in this play is Aeschylus’ highlighting the theme of friendship. Hephaestus displayed obvious lament toward having to chain Prometheus to the rock even though he was working for Zeus and was surrounded by others who were as well. At the end of the play, not only does Prometheus’ rage toward Io’s treatment cause him to shout out the prophecy he had been holding inside himself throughout the play, but the chorus refuses to leave him even after he is damned by Hermes. Considering that the chorus’ reaction to the events of the play are what the author hopes the audience experiences, this is clearly no coincidence. Prometheus Bound is a touching play that not only glorifies loyalty and friendship, but exemplifies the fate of those who do not invest in it by foreshadowing the fall of Zeus.
Prometheus and Zeus are strong characters who have conflicting views. Their conflicting views result in anger and many problems for both of them. Throughout their conflict Promethious goes through the most change, making him the protagonist. Zeus is the antagonist because he is the one who goes against Prometheus, the protagonist.
Prometheus is the antagonist in this work. He is a good person at heart, although he does boast a lot for what he has accomplished. Prometheus is a very intelligent man who created mankind from earth and water, and he was also blessed with the gift of prophecy. He tells of how he introduced man to stars, numbers, and houses that were warmed by the sun. But his downfall is that he is too prideful, and feels that he should not have to take orders. His defiance is the reason that he ends up captive and bound to a mountain for eternity. The amount of change that Prometheus goes through is greater than any other character in the story.
Zeus goes against Prometheus, making him the antagonist. Prometheus stole fire from Zeus’s lightning bolt and gave it to man, which extremely angered Zeus. Zeus wanted man to die off, so that he could create his own set of beings and be the ruler of them. Zeus is greedy and mean. Zeus ruled everyone by making them do what he said without having to justify why. All that is important to him is having power, force, and control. Zeus is also a horrible friend because he punishes Prometheus, even though Prometheus helped him in his victory over the Titans. Zeus felt that Prometheus should be punished for eternity for ruining thier friendship, and orders him to be bound to a mountain and tortured.
Both characters have personality traits that end up puting them in their conflicting situation. As seen with Zeus, force is a power that can lead to ruin. Zeus’s urge to be the most powerful led to him ruining his friendship with Prometheus, which he greatly needed. This is because Prometheus’s knowledge and intelligence is needed by Zeus so that he would not lose his power to someone of greater power. The Chorus explains that with power comes the need for intelligence to be able to maintain it. Prometheus can be seen as the intelligence, and Zeus can be seen as the power. If both do not work together, only bad can come. In the same sense, being too prideful can also lead to ruin. This is mainly seen with Prometheus stealing fire from Zeus’s lightning bolt and giving it to man, even though he knew that was against Zeus’s wishes. Prometheus is too prideful, I feel that this is because he feels that his intelligence makes him untouchable. These charaters come into conflict because of their opposing beliefs, and their friendship is ruined.
Prometheus fights for what he believes in and refuses to back down. Zeus is overzealous, and wants to have complete power over everything. Prometheus goes from creating many things, to being bound to mountain and tortured for eternity. The amount of change that he goes through makes him the protagonist of the story. The one who ordered him to be bound and tortured, Zeus, is the antagonist. It is emotional at the end of the book when the reader realizes that the protagonist will die in a gruesome way. It is a great end to a tragic story because the good guys brings on misfortune, and bad things end up happening to him. In this tragedy the bad thing that happens to Prometheus is horrible, he gets sent away only to have an eagle eat his liver every day until a god agrees to die for him.
In Prometheus Bound, Aeschylus creates a chorus to serve many purposes in the play. The Oceanids, daughters of Oceanus, arrive by Prometheus on winged chariots to not only witness Zeus’s wrath, but to serve as a character to whom Prometheus can express his thoughts and speak to, provide Prometheus with moral advice as thought by the ancient Greeks, and help set the mood for the entirety of the play.
The chorus provides itself as one entity, a complete character, to interact with other characters in the play, especially Prometheus. Prometheus’s interaction with the Oceanids gives the reader insight into his character. He says to the chrous, “I probed the earth, to yield it’s hidden wealth to help men’s weakness- iron, copper, silver, gold. None but a fool, a prating fool, will stint me of this praise. And thus, with one short word to sum the tale, Prometheus taught all arts to mortal men” (10). This is his proclaimed “claim to fame,” his material gifts to mankind. Without him, he feels that humanity never would have been able to learn new arts, or progress, to becoming a more advanced civilization. After this proclamation, the chorus explains to him that while he may have helped mankind in this form, they still must follow Zeus’s laws on their paths, which puts Zeus as a far greater power than that of Prometheus.
The Oceanids also act as an entire Greek state, speaking for the moral standards of a typical person living in ancient Greece. When Prometheus acts too defiant against Zeus, the chorus attempts to balance him, telling him how he should uphold standards. The Oceanids try to explain to him that Zeus’s power isn’t something to rebel against, for it can only be harmful to him and others. They counsel him to be more modest and try to live in harmony with other gods.
When the Oceanids swoop down on their winged chariots, they lighten the mood of the play, if only a little. They say to Prometheus, “Fear nothing, for a friendly hand approaches; fleet rivalry of wings oar’d us to this far height, with hard consent wrung for our careful sire. The winds swift-sweeping bore me: for I heard the harsh hammer’s not deep deep in the ocean’s cave” (4). This brings light to Prometheus in his dark situation, for now he has a friend to help him through his peril situation. Throughout the play, the chorus’s friendship and constant willingness to help balance Prometheus serves as one of the themes in the play, for above all, friendship should be one of the most highly regarded values in a person’s life.
These aspects of the chorus are few of the many positions the Oceanids fill throughout the play. Aeschylus uses their perspective to magnify themes, provide further insight into characters, and act as the Greek state as a whole in terms of moral standards. This play offers a prime example of how the chorus is used in ancient Greek tragedies.
More often than not, when one reads through a piece of Greek literature, one finds that pleasing the gods and committing hubris are usually components of the work. Prometheus Bound exemplifies this rule brilliantly. Fraught with examples of classical Greek thought represented through strikingly different characters, Prometheus Bound includes many Greek ideals and represents an important reflection on character, courage, and hubris.
From the very beginning of the work, we notice an important conflict that involves Hephaestus, Prometheus, and Kratos . Hephaestus laments “I have not courage; yet needs must I pluck courage from manifest necessity” (2) as he binds Prometheus to his eternal prison. Now we see the beginning of an important internal conflict. Hephaestus feels sympathetic towards Prometheus, but at the same time has to honor Zeus, his superior. As this internal conflict continues, we are constantly bombarded with comments from Kratos. Becoming almost a counteracting force on Hephaestus, Kratos exemplifies complete loyalty to the gods and shows extreme piety. While Hephaestus continues to lament the work he must do, Kratos exclaims “Still shirking? Still a-groaning for the foes of Zeus? Anon thou’lt wail thine own mishap.” (4). Here we recall some Greek thoughts prevalent at that time. Kratos shows piety, which the Greeks would have liked. However, we should also pick up on some hubris within Kratos’s lines. Although he sounds like he is simply defending Zeus, he also acts as if he is incapable of offense and refuses to sympathize with Prometheus in the least bit. For Hephaestus, it is acceptable to sympathize with obvious pain, but in the end, one must fulfill one’s duty, whether one likes it or not. Therefore, in terms of character, we should come to the conclusion that the middle path appears most acceptable. Hephaestus emulates the more reasonable personality within the ideal Greek framework of character, since he exemplifies sympathy, shows little sign of committing hubris, and fulfills his duty all at the same time. From this, we can conclude that Hephaestus shows a bit of courage as well. But, the key example of courage in this work comes in the grand form of Prometheus, who has to in fact deal with the actual punishment to come.
Although Prometheus feels slighted, he does not try to hide his error: “Of my free will, my own free will, I erred.” (10). From these lines we can already decipher that Prometheus proves himself a character worthy of our respect and sympathy. For trying to better mankind, he receives punishment. Obviously, we should begin to question whether Prometheus’s punishment actually fits his crime. But just as we are about to come to a conclusion, in jumps the chorus acting as the voice of reason: “What hope is thine? Dost thou not see that thou hast erred?”(10). Because Prometheus agrees with this sentiment, we can come to the conclusion that although the punishment may seem unjust, he does in fact deserve the punishment. To back up Greek ideals, the chorus straightens out any unclear ideas the reader might have about the punishment but simultaneously includes the idea that Prometheus does deserve some sympathy. Upon reflection, humankind was helpless: men “dug for themselves holes, wherein like ants, that hardly may contend against a breath, they dwelt in burrows of their unsunned caves.” (16). Was not humankind in need of Prometheus’s help? Did it not make sense for Prometheus to help the race for whom he cared so much for? Through the voice of the chorus, we must come to the conclusion that although Prometheus was right in helping humankind, he deserves the punishment he gets. Complexity in such a short work has been accomplished. Even though it appears correct, the right action does not always go unpunished. Even in his conversation with Hermes, Prometheus doesn’t falter: “I would not, if I might, change my misfortunes for thy vassalage.” (34).
Recalling the history that surrounds the play, we should keep in mind that Prometheus sided against his own kin in order to stand up for what was right. Even with the foreknowledge of the punishment that awaited him, he decided to stand up for what was right and help humankind. Therefore, we should feel sympathy towards Prometheus and should now understand why Prometheus decided to help man even with the foreknowledge of his coming punishment. His willingness to admit his fault and his obvious courage make Prometheus a character worthy of our respect. However, with his outbursts against the gods, we take into account that perhaps he does commit hubris many times over.
Weaved in ever so delicately, hubris pops in and out of this work. For instance, when Io appears in the work, we find her imploring Prometheus to tell her of her future troubles. Immediately, Oedipus Rex should come to mind. So much of Oedipus Rex was focused on hubris that one cannot over look the importance of it in Io’s wishes. Although she wants to know of her future troubles, it is not right for her to know. Therefore, we can consider her wish to know her future as an act of hubris. Though sympathy for this character might tempt us to believe that her knowing the future is acceptable, we must not forget that she has no right seek out this knowledge. Normally, we would have to sympathize with Io and understand her grief. However, Kratos’s statement that only Zeus lives freely checks our sympathy and allows us to realize that even though we might have problems, we must always understand our place (4).
The fact that this work so effectively captures an essence of complexity in such a small amount shows absolute brilliance. Combining the Greek ideas of character, courage, and hubris, this work truly challenges the reader to think through the action. Once we dig deeply through the work, we find the true meaning. The big picture is not Prometheus’s plight. Rather, the ideas that the work focuses on defines its true essence.
Prometheus Bound is a drama by Aeschylus about a Titan (Prometheus) who sided with Zeus (the supreme God) and left his siblings to serve Zeus. Prometheus, the creator of man gave his creation fire. Zeus did not want man to have fire because it would give them a sense of power.
The ancient Greek drama, Prometheus Bound does a good job depicting a story of an immortal being making an investment to mortal beings for their benefit. The synopsis of this story can remind a reader of some parallels that Prometheus has with Jesus Christ in comparison to Zeus (Greek God) and God respectively. Prometheus is chained to a mountain by Zeus for giving humanity fire, which led to knowledge and ultimately power. In essence, Prometheus “gave” humanity life according to one of his lines: “Whence arts have sprung to man and life hath drawn rich store of comforts. For such deed I suffer these bonds, in the broad eye of gracious day, here crucified.” Whereas Jesus, who was nailed to a cross on Golgotha (which is Greek for hill) for the sins of humanity to “give” forgiveness to sin. So, in essence, they may have life.
Prometheus Bound may not be interpreted to the reader in such a way because the Greeks had their own Gods; Such as Zeus, Aphrodite. Also this drama was produced in Athens, Rome about 468 or 466 B.C. These two observations would make it difficult for the story of Prometheus Bound to symbolize the story of Jesus Christ or vice versa.
In relation with all ancient drama, such as the works Aristotle and Euripides, the reader ought to consider the use of language and how it is translated. Most of these ancient stories have been translated centuries ago. The word choice in these selections may not convey the same thought that is expressed in the original language. Also, the syntax may be confusing to understand for the modern reader.
On the other hand, because of the age of this work and those like it, these dramas are referred to as classics. The same issues that make these works challenging can be the same reason they are still around. Drama is an art and it can be interpreted in different ways. If a work can be seen on different levels, it can also be appreciated for the different levels it provides. Despite the syntax and word choice, these ancient dramas still express a moral or entertaining purpose to its audience.
In hindsight of Prometheus Bound, the reader can learn how to gain an appreciation for classics and possibly help them to make parallels to things that are important to them. This tragedy can show how one person can sacrifice their well-being for the sake of others which is a lesson that can always be taught.
The story of Prometheus is well known as a tale from Greek mythology; yet Aeschylus writes from a new point of view, one that entreats the audience to Prometheus’s plight. Aeschylus’s use of the quintessential chorus and repeated themes creates in the reader a sense of pity and respect for the trapped Prometheus as he stands imprisoned upon his rock. From the very beginning of the story Aeschylus presents the themes of loyalty and friendship throughout his work to separate the characters. Showcasing the two feelings as foils emphasizes the power struggle going on throughout the story between Prometheus and his growing band of followers and the tyrannical Zeus and the gods. In the very beginning of the work Hephaestus and Kratos set up the two sides as they carry Prometheus up the mountain so that Hephaestus may chain him to the rock. Hephaestus, citing friendship as the cause, laments the need and cruelty of his task. Kratos cannot understand these emotions coming from Hephaestus stating that doing the work of Zeus is more important than any friendship. Casting Kratos as a cold, heartless character Aeschylus begins to create an “us versus them” scenario in his story. Even caring Hephaestus states that Kratos’s heart was “ever hard and overbold.” By doing this readers begin to associate Zeus and his minions as unforgiving, relentless tyrants who are held together by badly gained loyalty. Whereas, Prometheus it seems, still retains the loyalty and friendships of many people including Oceanus. Oceanus proclaims himself Prometheus’s most faithful friend and declares that he will go immediately to Zeus on Prometheus’s behalf to beg for a release. Oceanus’s foil is the messenger god Hermes who attempts to use fear and threats to gain information for his master Zeus from Prometheus. These two characters yet again create in the story the sense of tension between the two warring groups. The Chorus in “Prometheus Bound” is made up of the sympathetic Oceanides- daughters of Oceanus who follow all set parameters of a chorus. They sympathize with the mighty Prometheus- repeatedly shedding tears for him and admonishing his bold remarks thus setting up an ethical framework in the play. When the pitiable Io joins in the story the Chorus is then blatantly used as the perfect spectator reacting to her plight and the prophecies of Prometheus as we can only assume Aeschylus would have wanted his audience to react as well. From beginning to end the chorus sets the mood by first lamenting with Prometheus and responding to each of the new characters as they come, which highlights the shifts in the story as it goes along as well as a rhythm intrinsically related to, again, the power struggle going on between Zeus and Prometheus. Zeus and Prometheus will forever be linked by more bonds than Zeus will know. “Prometheus Bound” showcases those links, the war of the Titans, the creation of mankind, this punishment and even the poor girl Io; but more it shows that when it comes to the Greek gods, power is always the most important thing. The lust for absolute power that consumes Zeus is expertly portrayed in the work through minions and punishments that don’t fit the crime of the caring Prometheus. The chorus provides the commentary between the two groups but readers will always be pulled toward the side of the chained Titan.
“Let his pride learn to bow to Jove supreme, / And love men well, but love them not too much (1),” Might touches on the struggle between love and pride, ironically, the lesson he feels that Prometheus, humble titan who gave the gift of fire to man at the cost of his own never-ending damnation, must learn. Prometheus Bound, by Æschylus, serves as a direct commentary about the dangers of excess pride without the balance of humility. It is the pride of Jove, the ruler of the gods and punisher of Prometheus, that becomes his greatest downfall in the conflict between him and Prometheus. Contrastingly, it is Prometheus’s humility towards humankind that leads to his eternal crucifixion, but a fate that he can endure for it was consequence of a noble action.
Throughout the play Jove displays prideful behavior in various aspects revealing it as a major character flaw. It is Jove’s pride that causes him to be against sharing the gift of fire with humanity, thus leading to the conflict with Prometheus. It is ironic that “Unless [Prometheus’s] aid prevent, his shameful fall, / Is doomed (17).” Prometheus is the only one that can reveal to Jove the marriage that will lead to his ruin; however, since Jove is too prideful to release Prometheus from his adamantine bonds, he is not willing to impart this knowledge. This conflict directly parallels the quarrel associated with providing man fire; however this time, Prometheus is not willing to give fire, or knowledge, to Jove. Still another aspect of Jove’s pride that will lead to his demise is that which caused him to haunt Io, the mortal Princess of Argos, leading her away from those who care most from her and into a world of jealous torments imparted by Hera, envious spouse of Jove. This action does not show love towards Io, but a selfish superficial desire to have her as his own, paying no attention to the consequence for her. It is these prideful decisions that will lead to his demise providing a parallel between Jove and Oedipus. It was Oedipus’s pride that caused him to curse himself without seeing the poison of his own marriage and past actions, the exact supposed proceedings that will lead to the overthrow of Jove.
On the other hand, Prometheus’s capacity for humility and love towards man is the reason for his eternal torture. Prometheus provides fire to humanity knowing that it will cost him his eternal freedom despite the fact that the humans do not deserve such a grand sacrifice. He is morally correct; however, he is still unrightfully punished for his self-sacrificing actions. Since Prometheus is gifted with foresight, he understands the hindrance of pride, and knows it will not lead towards good, but demise as is in the cards for Jove. His knowledge of the good his actions provided gives him the ability to endure an eternity of punishment. The Chorus, providing a moral compass, allows the audience to agree with Prometheus and see that it is in fact his humility that humankind must imitate not the prideful nature of Jove. This knowledge, allows them stand by Prometheus despite the threats they receive from Hermes, messenger to the gods. Another show of Prometheus’s humble nature is how adamant he is against Ocean speaking to Jove in Prometheus’s favor. Prometheus advises Ocean to“…Be wise / And what thy meddling aids not, let alone (7).” Prometheus knows the nature of Jove and does not want Ocean to also endure punishment for his sake.
This underlying theme of pride can provide an allegorical classification to this tragedy. The stark contrast is set up between the unrelenting prideful nature of Jove and the humble wise Prometheus. Jove’s nature drives him to punish Prometheus, and thus fall victim to his fate, which only Prometheus can foretell and thus possibly change its course. In contrast, Prometheus’s humble character shows that a self-sacrificing nature may lead to undesired consequences, but is the morally correct action and thus should be imitate not rebuked.
Greek Mythology, is a “love it” or “hate it” kind of genre. It is either seen as too far fetched or ideal for those who desire to get lost in a world of gods, titans, nymphs, and the possibility of the former two falling in love with mere mortals. Lucky for the audience, Aeschylus’s “Prometheus Bound”, is a delicious tale that incorporates all the above elements. Our protagonist, Prometheus, the titan, is one that readers cannot help but fall in love with. His interactions with the chorus and other characters show the audience he is a hopeless maverick who wants the best of both worlds--to bask in bravado, and be showered with pity and words of solace.
Prometheus was given in the task of creating human kind. The love for his creation led him to present humans with the gift of agriculture, mathematics, mining, and…fire. One almost sees where Disney got his inspiration for movies (Pinocchio)? Well, his last gift caused Zeus to go ballistic. How could this titan show such blatant disregard to the all mighty Zeus? Enter Kratus, Bia, and Hephaestus. These servants were ordered to chain Prometheus to a rock for generations to come.
Now, Prometheus is bound to this gigantic mountain, in some godforsaken rocky desert. All he can do is lament to the Chorus of his predicament. The audience will find the Chorus playing two roles. Prometheus is in desperate need of a friend, and the Chorus tries to show sympathy, “Which of the gods hath heart so hard to mock thy woes?” At the same time, the Chorus warns Prometheus for displaying so much defiance and anger toward Zeus,” Thou art a bold man, and defiest…with a most unreined tongue thou speakest…I fear for thee: and of thy woes the distant, doubtful end…” Still, Prometheus takes it upon himself to be prideful and make bold promises like, “No smooth words of artful charming, no stout threats shall loose my tongue, till he loose these bonds of insult, and himself make just atonement for injustice done to me.” He also claims, “Foreknew my fate, and if I erred, I erred with conscious purpose…” and the he goes on,”…But cease to weep for ills that weeping mends not…”
While the Chorus comforts Prometheus he is visited by Oceanus and Io. Oceanus just drops by as if it was a chore on his list of things to do and basically advises Prometheus to shape up,”A wise word to the wise; receive it wisely. Know what thou art, and make thy manners new; For a new king doth rule the subject gods…Hath ears, and with new pains may smite his victim…Listen to me; slack thy fierce ire, and seek speedy deliverance from these woes…” Io lingers a while listening to Prometheus foreshadow a series of events. He reveals to her that her son, child of Zeus, will be the one to free him, “From evil marriage reaping evil fruit…the son that she brings forth shall wound his father…from thy own womb descended…”
The elements of the Chorus were hard at work throughout this tragedy. Without them, we would be incapable of fearing Zeus, who never makes an actual appearance. All the same, he is such a tyrant; the mere mention of his name invokes terror, anger, maybe even hate. The tone and mood were well represented, leaving a cloud of anxiety, defiance, and sympathy resting above the audience’s heads. Rhythm was maintained through the Chorus’ cries to Prometheus. Each conversation , whether it was one of comfort or warning, provided the audience with great spectacle, through the use of poetic language and desperate lamenting.
If this whole” defying the gods” ordeal was to be compared to a modern scenario, I would like to present my choice sitcom situation:
ZEUS is played by the DMV.
PROMETHEUS is represented by the general public (teenagers anxiously awaiting their license, the elderly praying they pass their eye exam , and random patrons who are fulfilling trivial bureaucratic obligations).
KRATUS, BIA, HEPHEASTUS played by the bitter, mindless individuals sitting behind the “help” desk.
If one of the above groups angers the DMV, the grand assistants behind the desk have the authority to send you away, hand you more paperwork, or direct you to another…gasp...line. These lines were devices of torture procured from the lowliest depths of hell. Five minutes in one line is near an eternity. Anyone that may pass their reflection will learn: the “lunch break” stop at the DMV added ten years to their face. This sad truth is irreversible.
Prometheus Bound embodies a timeless conflict in literature, man’s inhumanity toward man—or more accurately god’s inhumanity toward god. Jove’s jealousy and suspicion of Prometheus led him to punish Prometheus too harshly by binding him to the mountain for all eternity. Might, Force, and Hephaestus are responsible for executing Jove’s orders; Might and Force as overseers and Hephaestus as master locksmith. Maybe Jove should have reconsidered Hephaestus’ role in the binding, however. For Hephaestus is one of the few characters who follow Jove’s commands while questioning the severity of and reason for the punishment. Ultimately the god reasons that dubiousness where Jove’s orders are concerned is dangerous since, “Where Jove commands, whoso neglects rebels, and pays the traitor’s fine.” Yet Hephaestus is only first in series of characters who question inwardly while conforming outwardly. Other characters follow Jove’s commands with blind obedience and others stand by their beliefs, regardless of Jove’s wrath.
Upon reluctantly deciding to continue binding Prometheus, Hephaestus pities him and weeps for his fellow god. Might then questions Hephaestus’ loyalty and thereafter Hephaestus hastily finishes the punishment. After Prometheus has been fastened to the rock for sometime, Oceanus visits and warns him not to speak badly of Jove since he is king of the gods and rules with fierce anger. Oceanus realizes, “Jove reigns a lord sever, and of his acts need give account to none.” Still, he recognizes Jove’s ire and vows to plead for a lesser penalty for Prometheus. Finally, Prometheus is the third character who ignores his feelings and follows Oceanus’ advice to limit his speech. Prometheus knows no other god deserves such cruelty, but for the sake of his freedom he will curb his tongue hoping to be unbound. Most of these characters ignored their internal questions and succumbed to Jove’s rule. Yet even more pathetic are those gods who do not question.
Might and Force not only obey Jove’s words blindly but are also the ministers responsible for enforcing Jove’s orders. They defame Prometheus in the opening scene, exemplifying their fickleness or ignorance; without Prometheus’ help, Jove would have lost the battle of power to the Titans. The two also mock Hephaestus and question his loyalty since he was sympathetic to Prometheus. The chorus of Oceanides, however is opposite to Jove’s ministers. When faced with the threat of oncoming fire and thunder from Jove, they ally with Prometheus. The chorus values genuine loyalty above anything else, including their own welfare. For this reason, they tell Jove’s messenger, Hermes, “Earth has plagues, but none more noisome than a faithless friend in need.” Prometheus no longer fears Jove or his wrath, also. He openly calls upon the world and its elements to witness Jove’s threats “walk forth in action.”
A character’s reaction to feelings, thoughts, and emotions brought on by circumstances in the plot is what truly defines that character. Characters either allow their emotions to define them, suppress these emotions but struggle throughout the story in doing so, or are too undeveloped or fickle to question. With the few characters in Prometheus Bound, Aeschylus demonstrates all three types. A hero who questions and inevitably stays true to his feelings paired with a chorus full of conviction comprise the first category. Pairs of characters, Hephaestus and Oceanus and Might and Force, define the second and latter categories respectively.
At first glance, Prometheus Bound, by Aeschylus, is a very sad tale. It is that of a Titan, called Prometheus, who is the creator of human kind. In an effort to help his creation, he puts himself at conflict with the immortal Jove, who is exalted. This clash of morals is due to Prometheus not killing the human race at the will of Jove, giving human beings fire, arts, and manners of sacrifice that are self-serving and minimal. In provoking this conflict by aiding the humans, Prometheus has condemned himself to eternity of being chained to a mountain; his liver being eaten by an eagle for the duration of the punishment.
Yes, at first glance, this Greek play seems sad, but upon further delving into the work, one might see that it actually depicts triumph of Prometheus over those that would demean human life. He looks to human life as something special, while some in the world of the gods might see it as trivial. Prometheus, chained to the mountain, is passed by various persons, gods and mortals alike, some lamenting his fate, and others chiding him for being so foolish in his actions against Jove.
His first encounter, after being chained to the rock, with the Oceanides gives evidence that he is not alone in his convictions of Jove’s wrongdoings. They “[m]ark Jove’s unrighteous rule,” and tell of the “strong wrath within his stubborn breast,” wailing of the injustice done against Prometheus. Upon hearing this, Prometheus tells of a time in the future when Jove will need his help, but he shows his unwillingness to help that god that would punish him for dignifying the human race.
His second visitor, Oceanus, while scolding him for crossing Jove, offers to go to the god and plead for the prisoner’s release. Asking Oceanus not to “waste labour upon [him],” and to “seek and more hopeful subject,” he sees that Jove is unbending, and would not want “want all [his] friends should suffer with [him],” and would rather see a dignified life for all beings, mortal and otherwise. Heeding this appeal, Oceanus departs, leaving the Oceanids to tell of the “names mighty and revered of yore, now shamed, dishonoured, and cast down,” for reason of his captivity, showing the recognition of intrinsic value of the dignity of the person by the human race. At the same time, the Oceanids criticize Prometheus for helping those who cannot help him in return, demonstrating a lack of understanding, even by those who are so close to divinity, of the value of the person.
When approached by Io, a daughter of royalty, who is being prodded by a gadfly, by cause of Jove’s infatuation with her, Prometheus again bewails the mistreatment of the human race by the gods. Trying to ease her suffering with even a glimmer of hope, he tells her that “[Jove] is doomed to fall [… by] one from [her] own womb descended.” The audience knows not whether or not this revelation brought any peace of mind, as she is driven off by the gadfly, once again, to roam the earth.
Upon his outburst that Jove will fall by one of his descendants, Hermes, the messenger of Jove, comes demanding to know who this descendant might be. Even under such pressure, Prometheus does not yield to Jove, knowing what he might do to this person. His insolence is punished by sending him to Tartarus to be perpetually tortured by Jove’s “winged hound […] to banquet on [his] gory liver.”
Even in the face of such adversities, Prometheus is triumphant in not wavering from his convictions of the value of the person. All of this occurred so because of his “great offence in aiding [humans], in teaching the babe to speak, and rousing torpid mind to take the grasp of itself” etc. In short, Prometheus triumphed in upholding the dignity of humans, to better their lives, so that they could live more abundantly in this world. This story is anything but sad. This martyrdom of Prometheus gives hope for humanity and our struggles in this world.
Prometheus Bound is the story of Jove’s punishment of the Titan Prometheus for giving fire to humans. When Aeschylus speaks of ‘fire’ he is actually referring to the progress of the human race. Jove is angry that Prometheus has such love for humankind. Jove sends Might and Force to do his bidding when he hears of what Prometheus has done. They make Hephaestus chain Prometheus to a rock. Hephaestus feels sorry for Prometheus and refuses to pierce him with bolts through the heart and feet. Might forces Hephaestus to complete him tasks. Hephaestus, feeling pity for his friend Prometheus completes his task. Prometheus, while chained to the rock, calls on nature to witness his suffering. The Oceanides enter at this point and act as the chorus throughout the rest of the play. They express their sympathy for Prometheus. Prometheus prophesizes Jove will need his help one day and will be forced to befriend him. Oceanus comes into the scene and tries to convince Jove to free Prometheus. Prometheus refuses Oceanus’s help so Oceanus leaves. In this part it is evident that the chorus is the moral framework because they portray Prometheus as being immoral. Prometheus taught humans many different skills. They chorus portrays Jove as being the good guy because he disagrees with Prometheus giving humans skills like agriculture, mining, and sailing. The chorus scolds Prometheus for not obey Jove. Prometheus reveals part of his prophecy but stops himself before he says the whole thing. The goddess Io enters and asks Prometheus why Jove is torturing her. Prometheus reveals that one day Jove will choose a mate whose son will destroy him. At the end, Prometheus mocks Hermes. Hermes warns him to stop but he doesn’t so he is sentenced to have an eagle eat his liver every day. The chorus foreshadows this event by advising Prometheus to stop mocking Hermes. Prometheus is eternally bound.
18 comments:
The story of Prometheus Bound evokes a high level of emotion and drama in each piece as read. Aristotle defines this as utilizing “form of action” to draw out passion and attachment to the hero in question for tragedy. The chorus in Prometheus Bound utilizes many, if not all elements as defined by classical Greek drama: the ideal spectator, character, mood, cadence, and ethical framework. As the daughters of Oceanus, they draw out the sympathy of the audience for Prometheus as he is chained to the mountain at Zeus’s whim. They represent a “foil” type character for Zeus in that they refuse to forsake Prometheus as a friend and thereby establish sufficient ethical framework for the audience.
By instilling pity in the spectator, sorrow and tragedy prevail as the general mood for the play. Yet, Aeschylus does not stop at the chorus in order to appeal to his audience. By having Prometheus recount his sacrifice for humankind, he relates personally to those listening so as to draw out more of an emotional reaction with full involvement rather than simple spectatorship. As followers of Greek myths and stories, the original audiences for these might have seen Prometheus as worthy of praise and recognition because of the gifts he claims to have given them, ultimately regarded as power. In continuation of the plot, Io enters to give example as to the true wrath and disregard of Zeus to show him as a negative influence rather than a character worth deifying. She also stands to give light to Prometheus’s clairvoyant abilities. More characters like these, such as Oceanus, also help establish a strong ethical framework by giving example as to who and how certain entities feel sympathy for Prometheus, therefore adding legitimacy to such reaction. Through such tense, Prometheus does not allow the audience to view him as weak in defiance, for he does not listen to Oceanus when he tries to convince Prometheus that winning does not always consist of force and that he does not have to face his troubles alone, therefore adding to his stubborn reputation. Prometheus Bound depicts Prometheus as a titan of his own kind in which he finds no comfort in following others and therefore pays the consequence for his brash attitudes towards other gods.
In conclusion to the play, Aeschylus utilizes Prometheus to reinforce the idea of rhythm and harmonious beat in which Prometheus finishes by establishing himself as an earnestly defiant character. He furthers his identity as a hero by failing to comply with the orders of the tyrannous Zeus despite his total knowledge of his ultimate fate and consequence: “I am ready. Let him wreathe curls of scorching flame around me”
Wonderfully argued, Maria-Belen.Your examples are particularly apt.
Ms Letostak
“Prometheus Bound”
Seated gloriously on his renal throne, Zeus, the almighty King of the Gods, peered over mankind with a sneer of jealous contempt. Once a very primitive race, mankind was doomed to perish; however, a Titan chose to bequeath the flame of knowledge upon their dark realm. Consequently, humanity prospered, their fate escaped; but what of the Titan Prometheus? Plastered onto a rock at the ends of the Earth, he lay; liver feasted upon daily by avaricious vultures. He who counters the wishes of the Almighty Jove shall perish eternally.
The epic tale Prometheus Bound proves worthy of eminent laud, not because of its detailed depiction of a tyrant’s wrath upon a radical, but because of Aeschylus’ manipulation of literary techniques to promote dark irony and burdening conflict. Regard Prometheus’ cry, “…The secret fount of fire/ I sought, and found…Whence arts have sprung to man, and life hath drawn/ Rich store of comforts. For such deed I suffer/ These bonds…Here crucified…” (Clark 2). Prometheus admits that he is indeed being tortured for a people who now flourish from his aid; however, upon recollection, it deems apparent that the people were first to suffer. The roles were, thus, sharply reversed; Aeschylus’ most deceitful paradox. Delving into literary context, the use of adjectives such as “Rich” and “secret” amplify the significance of Prometheus’ actions, hence foreshadowing the gravity of his consequence. Symbolically, note the term “crucified”. It seems to allude to the crucifixion of Jesus Christ, who too, was condemned for the love of humanity.
Of the many conflicts uprooted throughout Aeschylus’ work, it is most rational to conceive that- inter man and self- most prominent. Take the characters of Haphaestus and Oceanus into consideration. Upon sight of Prometheus’ cursed conditions, both men plunged themselves into waves of immediate grief and sympathy; yet neither would ransom his own security for the sake of the helpless Titan. Ironically even, it is Haphaestus who nailed his “kinsman” (Clark 2) against a boulder, not once questioning the ethics of his actions. Perhaps physical burden and social exile are indeed greater prices to pay than moral reprisal.
Undeniably, the theme of Power being valuable dominates this dramatic play. Zeus’ fuel to fabricate law without jurisdiction, the human races’ advancement upon receiving fire, the Ministers of Jove eternally latched onto Zeus’ every will; they all exemplify the effects of omnipotence. With its lack, however, the opposite occurs. Souls grow hesitant and weak, replacing moral responsibility with selfish reasoning; such examples being Haphaestus and Oceanus. Thus, acquiesce that it was indeed a combination of power and its lack that catalyzed the conviction of Prometheus. He sacrificed his potency for the weakness of others, igniting his condemnation. Thus, here lies Aeschylus’ darkest irony: the savior pays the price of the saved.
Prometheus Bound:
In the story of Prometheus Bound, it begins with Prometheus being chained to a mountain top for stealing fire from Jove (Zeus) and giving it to the humans. The humans were Prometheus’s creation and thus he had a certain affinity to them as though they were his own children. He was willing to suffer eternal pain so that his creation could live with knowledge. Prometheus, an immortal titan, knew the consequences of his actions would be eternal suffering by the wrath of Jove. This entire disregard for the wrath of Jove is one of the most important aspects of the story as it is what creates the plot of the play. If Prometheus had cared what Jove wanted, Prometheus would never have been chained to the mountain. Prometheus’s love for humans transcends the boundary of selflessness in that he cares so much about humans that he will suffer an eternity so that mankind can have knowledge and power.
The wrath of Jove is not something taken lightly by other gods, as seen in the words of Hephaestus where he says, “…where Jove commands, whoso neglects rebels, and pays the traitor’s fine…Jove is not weak that he should bend; for young authority must be harsh and severe.” In these lines, Hephaestus does not want to hurt Prometheus, but he would rather hurt Prometheus than suffer the wrath of Jove. Hephaestus knows that should he betray Jove he will be considered a traitor and that a traitor’s punishment is “harsh and severe.” Though in another perspective, Might believes that Jove’s punishment is just since no one should dare to go against the will of Jove. This is shown when Might says, “Let his pride learn to bow to Jove supreme and love men well, but love them not too much.” These lines can be interpreted that the love of humans should not exceed the love of Jove.
The most touching aspect of this play is how Prometheus suffers for the love of his creation. Prometheus says that before him, mankind could not see nor hear nor speak; they had no knowledge and they were, “housed like tiny ants in sunless caves.” He taught them how to make medicine and to cook meat, and “from the flickering flame taught men to spell.” Prometheus sees nothing wrong in teaching men this knowledge as it is necessary for life. He says that only a fool would say that he was wrong. This is shown in the line, “None but a fool, a prating fool, will stint me of this praise. And thus, with one short word to sum the tale, Prometheus taught all arts to mortal men.” Here he indirectly calls Jove a fool for thinking that his actions of helping mankind were not laudable. He believes Jove is unfair and will not budge in his ways. This is shown in the lines, “Let him wreathe curls of scorching flame around me; Let him fret the air with thunder, and the savage blustering winds!...Bound in the iron folds of Fate, I will bear: but cannot die.” This shows that Prometheus does not care what else Jove does because he is already suffering and cannot die, as he is immortal; there is nothing else Jove can do that would hurt Prometheus more.
Even though all the other gods fear Jove above all else, Prometheus knows that Jove is not eternal and will eventually suffer his own fate. Prometheus does what he thinks is right albeit he must go against the will of Jove. Even when all the other gods are advising Prometheus to do Jove’s will he chooses to do what he believes is right, regardless of the consequences, because of his love of mankind.
Many people today get criticized for loving people of another race, especially if that race is considered a ‘lesser’ or unworthy race. But very rarely does a person actually get physically punished for loving those of another race. In “Prometheus Unbound,” Prometheus got punished because he was a Titan who loved and cared for a ‘lesser’ race than his own, the race of men. In present times, this might be the equivalent of a king or president of a country loving all of his or her citizens equally and getting brutally punished for it, just because the citizens are considered ‘lesser beings’ than themselves. I think this is rather outrageous, since all Prometheus actually did was love humankind as he loved his own race, and wanted to help them succeed and accomplish things as their own race.
Prometheus gave men the gift of fire, which led to knowledge, which in turn resulted in power. This marked the beginning of humankind as an established race, because after receiving the gift of fire from Prometheus, men could accomplish many other things (such as cooking meat) which they could not prior to the invention of fire. Men also received the gift of writing from Prometheus, which he claimed was the best invention he gave them since men could now record everything they knew. This ensured the continued existence of men and kept knowledge alive for future generations. So in the eyes of Zeus and the other Gods, Prometheus not only gave to men the gift of fire, but he helped them survive and evolve as a race, which made men not that much ‘lesser’ than the Gods and Titans. This upset and angered Zeus since he wanted to keep man the lesser race, so instead of settling for men being a ‘lower’ existence in the hierarchy of races, he wanted to destroy the race completely by killing them all.
The play “Prometheus Unbound” reminds me how important it is to not discriminate others simply according to their race, and to love others as you love yourself and those close to you. Every life is of value, and it shouldn’t be that some are worth more than others. We all have something unique and worthwhile to contribute to society and the world, so we should recognize this and appreciate it. Maybe if Zeus had realized this, Prometheus could have been saved from pain and agony for loving people who deserved to be loved and deserved the right to live. As stated in the play, the gift of fire from Prometheus led to other inventions which helped men survive, showing that humankind was an intellectual race worthy of life. Even though our races and beliefs may vary widely, it’s our differences that make us who we are and allow us to contribute our own little gift to each other, and ultimately to the world which we are all a part of.
Upon observing Prometheus’s gift of fire to mortals, one will also notice a different burning flame this human-respecting titan shared: his own passion. It was his passion that led him to side with Zeus against his own kind. His passion for mortals led Prometheus to share the knowledge he was entrusted with, knowing there would be repercussions for his actions.
This fiery passion is first spotted when the feud between Kronos and Zeus leads Prometheus to oppose all other titans in his decision to join Zeus’s side. It is this passionate loyalty to his own beliefs that supports him in abandoning his own people. Passion is the only acceptable word to describe an emotion allowing one to forsake all of his or her own kin to support a cause.
Prometheus does not solely reserve this passion for his own beliefs, as he displays it in his respect and nurturing of mortals. It is this emotion that drives Prometheus to support mortals, when Zeus wishes nothing but the destruction of them. “My great offense in aiding them, in teaching the babe to speak…” (p9) exemplifies Prometheus’s view of humans as small children in need of assistance. His devotion to the care of humans suggests he was a great defender of mortals against Zeus’s plan for their departure to Hades. Showing humans the wonder of fire is easily explained when one understands Prometheus’s stand on humans deserving a chance to grow and become successful, even if they are mortal.
The devotion shown to mortals by Prometheus might only be the result of a passion to share knowledge with others. He not only spread the gift of fire, but also taught men how to cure illness and the art of divination. “… I the difficult art of the stars revealed. Their risings and their settings. Numbers, too.” (p9) implies a feeling of pride Prometheus has in his instructing, suggesting a passion for simply teaching skills, not necessarily a desire to help humans.
These numerous displays of passion by Prometheus lead one to believe he was a titan with strong principles. He felt compelled to share his passion with, what Zeus believed to be, an inferior type of creation. Whether the idea to share his knowledge was driven by a passion for mortals or a passion to share knowledge in general, is not sure, however, it is known that Prometheus shared more than a literal flame. He allowed mortals to glimpse the fiery flame responsible for many decisions he made.
Prometheus Bound is a classic epic tale, during which the archetypal divine tyrant (Zeus) tortures the heroic figure to the point of tragedy. Prometheus is being chained to a rock as punishment for essentially being a friend to Zeus, and we follow him throughout his suffering with no lack of activity from Aeschylus’ well placed characters. The mark of a tyrant is distrust of his ‘friends’ so although Prometheus was the single factor leading to Zeus’ defeat of the Titans, the play opens with Zeus’ servants chaining him to the rock. Hephaestus is the servant in charge of chaining Prometheus to the rock and expresses his distaste for having to do such a thing to his friend, but the other servants urge him to complete the task under the notion that aiding an enemy of their God can only do him harm. Prometheus is soon visited by Oceanus’ daughters, functioning as the chorus, who display their sympathy for him, making it clear that Aeschylus intended on the audience feeling much the same. Prometheus then prophecies that one day, Zeus will find himself in harm’s way with his only hope being Prometheus. Although it was originally thought that Prometheus was punished for granting humanity fire, he discloses that he was actually punished for being the sole reason Zeus was able to defeat the Titans. At this point the chorus admonishes him.
Oceanus flies in to plea with Prometheus. He begs him to discontinue his stubborn behavior and allow Oceanus to speak diplomatically with Zeus. Prometheus refuses and Oceanus leaves, at which point the chorus chimes in to remind the audience of the other atrocities Zeus has facilitated, one of them being Atlas’ being forced to hold the weight of the world. Io then appears and Prometheus explains his situation to her. The chorus helps to characterize her by asking her who she is and what she is being punished for, to which she replies that after being infatuated with her, Zeus turned her into a cow and she is now being followed by the ghost of the man who served as her guard and a gadfly. It is at this point that Prometheus finally reveals his prophecy: that Zeus will choose a mate whose son will one day cause the death of his father and subsequently, free him. The chorus once again reinforces Zeus’ negative nature by posing the dangers of falling in love out of one’s class, stating that they hope he never falls in love with them. Enraged at the thought of Io’s suffering, Prometheus yells out that Zeus’ son will kill him and Hermes appears to find out who the mother is. Prometheus refuses to tell him, condemning himself to even worse torture and the play concludes.
Most notable in this play is Aeschylus’ highlighting the theme of friendship. Hephaestus displayed obvious lament toward having to chain Prometheus to the rock even though he was working for Zeus and was surrounded by others who were as well. At the end of the play, not only does Prometheus’ rage toward Io’s treatment cause him to shout out the prophecy he had been holding inside himself throughout the play, but the chorus refuses to leave him even after he is damned by Hermes. Considering that the chorus’ reaction to the events of the play are what the author hopes the audience experiences, this is clearly no coincidence. Prometheus Bound is a touching play that not only glorifies loyalty and friendship, but exemplifies the fate of those who do not invest in it by foreshadowing the fall of Zeus.
Prometheus and Zeus are strong characters who have conflicting views. Their conflicting views result in anger and many problems for both of them. Throughout their conflict Promethious goes through the most change, making him the protagonist. Zeus is the antagonist because he is the one who goes against Prometheus, the protagonist.
Prometheus is the antagonist in this work. He is a good person at heart, although he does boast a lot for what he has accomplished. Prometheus is a very intelligent man who created mankind from earth and water, and he was also blessed with the gift of prophecy. He tells of how he introduced man to stars, numbers, and houses that were warmed by the sun. But his downfall is that he is too prideful, and feels that he should not have to take orders. His defiance is the reason that he ends up captive and bound to a mountain for eternity. The amount of change that Prometheus goes through is greater than any other character in the story.
Zeus goes against Prometheus, making him the antagonist. Prometheus stole fire from Zeus’s lightning bolt and gave it to man, which extremely angered Zeus. Zeus wanted man to die off, so that he could create his own set of beings and be the ruler of them. Zeus is greedy and mean. Zeus ruled everyone by making them do what he said without having to justify why. All that is important to him is having power, force, and control. Zeus is also a horrible friend because he punishes Prometheus, even though Prometheus helped him in his victory over the Titans. Zeus felt that Prometheus should be punished for eternity for ruining thier friendship, and orders him to be bound to a mountain and tortured.
Both characters have personality traits that end up puting them in their conflicting situation. As seen with Zeus, force is a power that can lead to ruin. Zeus’s urge to be the most powerful led to him ruining his friendship with Prometheus, which he greatly needed. This is because Prometheus’s knowledge and intelligence is needed by Zeus so that he would not lose his power to someone of greater power. The Chorus explains that with power comes the need for intelligence to be able to maintain it. Prometheus can be seen as the intelligence, and Zeus can be seen as the power. If both do not work together, only bad can come. In the same sense, being too prideful can also lead to ruin. This is mainly seen with Prometheus stealing fire from Zeus’s lightning bolt and giving it to man, even though he knew that was against Zeus’s wishes. Prometheus is too prideful, I feel that this is because he feels that his intelligence makes him untouchable. These charaters come into conflict because of their opposing beliefs, and their friendship is ruined.
Prometheus fights for what he believes in and refuses to back down. Zeus is overzealous, and wants to have complete power over everything. Prometheus goes from creating many things, to being bound to mountain and tortured for eternity. The amount of change that he goes through makes him the protagonist of the story. The one who ordered him to be bound and tortured, Zeus, is the antagonist. It is emotional at the end of the book when the reader realizes that the protagonist will die in a gruesome way. It is a great end to a tragic story because the good guys brings on misfortune, and bad things end up happening to him. In this tragedy the bad thing that happens to Prometheus is horrible, he gets sent away only to have an eagle eat his liver every day until a god agrees to die for him.
In Prometheus Bound, Aeschylus creates a chorus to serve many purposes in the play. The Oceanids, daughters of Oceanus, arrive by Prometheus on winged chariots to not only witness Zeus’s wrath, but to serve as a character to whom Prometheus can express his thoughts and speak to, provide Prometheus with moral advice as thought by the ancient Greeks, and help set the mood for the entirety of the play.
The chorus provides itself as one entity, a complete character, to interact with other characters in the play, especially Prometheus. Prometheus’s interaction with the Oceanids gives the reader insight into his character. He says to the chrous, “I probed the earth, to yield it’s hidden wealth to help men’s weakness- iron, copper, silver, gold. None but a fool, a prating fool, will stint me of this praise. And thus, with one short word to sum the tale, Prometheus taught all arts to mortal men” (10). This is his proclaimed “claim to fame,” his material gifts to mankind. Without him, he feels that humanity never would have been able to learn new arts, or progress, to becoming a more advanced civilization. After this proclamation, the chorus explains to him that while he may have helped mankind in this form, they still must follow Zeus’s laws on their paths, which puts Zeus as a far greater power than that of Prometheus.
The Oceanids also act as an entire Greek state, speaking for the moral standards of a typical person living in ancient Greece. When Prometheus acts too defiant against Zeus, the chorus attempts to balance him, telling him how he should uphold standards. The Oceanids try to explain to him that Zeus’s power isn’t something to rebel against, for it can only be harmful to him and others. They counsel him to be more modest and try to live in harmony with other gods.
When the Oceanids swoop down on their winged chariots, they lighten the mood of the play, if only a little. They say to Prometheus, “Fear nothing, for a friendly hand approaches; fleet rivalry of wings oar’d us to this far height, with hard consent wrung for our careful sire. The winds swift-sweeping bore me: for I heard the harsh hammer’s not deep deep in the ocean’s cave” (4). This brings light to Prometheus in his dark situation, for now he has a friend to help him through his peril situation. Throughout the play, the chorus’s friendship and constant willingness to help balance Prometheus serves as one of the themes in the play, for above all, friendship should be one of the most highly regarded values in a person’s life.
These aspects of the chorus are few of the many positions the Oceanids fill throughout the play. Aeschylus uses their perspective to magnify themes, provide further insight into characters, and act as the Greek state as a whole in terms of moral standards. This play offers a prime example of how the chorus is used in ancient Greek tragedies.
More often than not, when one reads through a piece of Greek literature, one finds that pleasing the gods and committing hubris are usually components of the work. Prometheus Bound exemplifies this rule brilliantly. Fraught with examples of classical Greek thought represented through strikingly different characters, Prometheus Bound includes many Greek ideals and represents an important reflection on character, courage, and hubris.
From the very beginning of the work, we notice an important conflict that involves Hephaestus, Prometheus, and Kratos . Hephaestus laments “I have not courage; yet needs must I pluck courage from manifest necessity” (2) as he binds Prometheus to his eternal prison. Now we see the beginning of an important internal conflict. Hephaestus feels sympathetic towards Prometheus, but at the same time has to honor Zeus, his superior. As this internal conflict continues, we are constantly bombarded with comments from Kratos. Becoming almost a counteracting force on Hephaestus, Kratos exemplifies complete loyalty to the gods and shows extreme piety. While Hephaestus continues to lament the work he must do, Kratos exclaims “Still shirking? Still a-groaning for the foes of Zeus? Anon thou’lt wail thine own mishap.” (4). Here we recall some Greek thoughts prevalent at that time. Kratos shows piety, which the Greeks would have liked. However, we should also pick up on some hubris within Kratos’s lines. Although he sounds like he is simply defending Zeus, he also acts as if he is incapable of offense and refuses to sympathize with Prometheus in the least bit. For Hephaestus, it is acceptable to sympathize with obvious pain, but in the end, one must fulfill one’s duty, whether one likes it or not. Therefore, in terms of character, we should come to the conclusion that the middle path appears most acceptable. Hephaestus emulates the more reasonable personality within the ideal Greek framework of character, since he exemplifies sympathy, shows little sign of committing hubris, and fulfills his duty all at the same time. From this, we can conclude that Hephaestus shows a bit of courage as well. But, the key example of courage in this work comes in the grand form of Prometheus, who has to in fact deal with the actual punishment to come.
Although Prometheus feels slighted, he does not try to hide his error: “Of my free will, my own free will, I erred.” (10). From these lines we can already decipher that Prometheus proves himself a character worthy of our respect and sympathy. For trying to better mankind, he receives punishment. Obviously, we should begin to question whether Prometheus’s punishment actually fits his crime. But just as we are about to come to a conclusion, in jumps the chorus acting as the voice of reason: “What hope is thine? Dost thou not see that thou hast erred?”(10). Because Prometheus agrees with this sentiment, we can come to the conclusion that although the punishment may seem unjust, he does in fact deserve the punishment. To back up Greek ideals, the chorus straightens out any unclear ideas the reader might have about the punishment but simultaneously includes the idea that Prometheus does deserve some sympathy. Upon reflection, humankind was helpless: men “dug for themselves holes, wherein like ants, that hardly may contend against a breath, they dwelt in burrows of their unsunned caves.” (16). Was not humankind in need of Prometheus’s help? Did it not make sense for Prometheus to help the race for whom he cared so much for? Through the voice of the chorus, we must come to the conclusion that although Prometheus was right in helping humankind, he deserves the punishment he gets. Complexity in such a short work has been accomplished. Even though it appears correct, the right action does not always go unpunished. Even in his conversation with Hermes, Prometheus doesn’t falter: “I would not, if I might, change my misfortunes for thy vassalage.” (34).
Recalling the history that surrounds the play, we should keep in mind that Prometheus sided against his own kin in order to stand up for what was right. Even with the foreknowledge of the punishment that awaited him, he decided to stand up for what was right and help humankind. Therefore, we should feel sympathy towards Prometheus and should now understand why Prometheus decided to help man even with the foreknowledge of his coming punishment. His willingness to admit his fault and his obvious courage make Prometheus a character worthy of our respect. However, with his outbursts against the gods, we take into account that perhaps he does commit hubris many times over.
Weaved in ever so delicately, hubris pops in and out of this work. For instance, when Io appears in the work, we find her imploring Prometheus to tell her of her future troubles. Immediately, Oedipus Rex should come to mind. So much of Oedipus Rex was focused on hubris that one cannot over look the importance of it in Io’s wishes. Although she wants to know of her future troubles, it is not right for her to know. Therefore, we can consider her wish to know her future as an act of hubris. Though sympathy for this character might tempt us to believe that her knowing the future is acceptable, we must not forget that she has no right seek out this knowledge. Normally, we would have to sympathize with Io and understand her grief. However, Kratos’s statement that only Zeus lives freely checks our sympathy and allows us to realize that even though we might have problems, we must always understand our place (4).
The fact that this work so effectively captures an essence of complexity in such a small amount shows absolute brilliance. Combining the Greek ideas of character, courage, and hubris, this work truly challenges the reader to think through the action. Once we dig deeply through the work, we find the true meaning. The big picture is not Prometheus’s plight. Rather, the ideas that the work focuses on defines its true essence.
Prometheus Bound is a drama by Aeschylus about a Titan (Prometheus) who sided with Zeus (the supreme God) and left his siblings to serve Zeus. Prometheus, the creator of man gave his creation fire. Zeus did not want man to have fire because it would give them a sense of power.
The ancient Greek drama, Prometheus Bound does a good job depicting a story of an immortal being making an investment to mortal beings for their benefit. The synopsis of this story can remind a reader of some parallels that Prometheus has with Jesus Christ in comparison to Zeus (Greek God) and God respectively. Prometheus is chained to a mountain by Zeus for giving humanity fire, which led to knowledge and ultimately power. In essence, Prometheus “gave” humanity life according to one of his lines: “Whence arts have sprung to man and life hath drawn rich store of comforts. For such deed I suffer these bonds, in the broad eye of gracious day, here crucified.” Whereas Jesus, who was nailed to a cross on Golgotha (which is Greek for hill) for the sins of humanity to “give” forgiveness to sin. So, in essence, they may have life.
Prometheus Bound may not be interpreted to the reader in such a way because the Greeks had their own Gods; Such as Zeus, Aphrodite. Also this drama was produced in Athens, Rome about 468 or 466 B.C. These two observations would make it difficult for the story of Prometheus Bound to symbolize the story of Jesus Christ or vice versa.
In relation with all ancient drama, such as the works Aristotle and Euripides, the reader ought to consider the use of language and how it is translated. Most of these ancient stories have been translated centuries ago. The word choice in these selections may not convey the same thought that is expressed in the original language. Also, the syntax may be confusing to understand for the modern reader.
On the other hand, because of the age of this work and those like it, these dramas are referred to as classics. The same issues that make these works challenging can be the same reason they are still around. Drama is an art and it can be interpreted in different ways. If a work can be seen on different levels, it can also be appreciated for the different levels it provides. Despite the syntax and word choice, these ancient dramas still express a moral or entertaining purpose to its audience.
In hindsight of Prometheus Bound, the reader can learn how to gain an appreciation for classics and possibly help them to make parallels to things that are important to them. This tragedy can show how one person can sacrifice their well-being for the sake of others which is a lesson that can always be taught.
Prometheus Bound
The story of Prometheus is well known as a tale from Greek mythology; yet Aeschylus writes from a new point of view, one that entreats the audience to Prometheus’s plight. Aeschylus’s use of the quintessential chorus and repeated themes creates in the reader a sense of pity and respect for the trapped Prometheus as he stands imprisoned upon his rock.
From the very beginning of the story Aeschylus presents the themes of loyalty and friendship throughout his work to separate the characters. Showcasing the two feelings as foils emphasizes the power struggle going on throughout the story between Prometheus and his growing band of followers and the tyrannical Zeus and the gods. In the very beginning of the work Hephaestus and Kratos set up the two sides as they carry Prometheus up the mountain so that Hephaestus may chain him to the rock. Hephaestus, citing friendship as the cause, laments the need and cruelty of his task. Kratos cannot understand these emotions coming from Hephaestus stating that doing the work of Zeus is more important than any friendship. Casting Kratos as a cold, heartless character Aeschylus begins to create an “us versus them” scenario in his story. Even caring Hephaestus states that Kratos’s heart was “ever hard and overbold.” By doing this readers begin to associate Zeus and his minions as unforgiving, relentless tyrants who are held together by badly gained loyalty. Whereas, Prometheus it seems, still retains the loyalty and friendships of many people including Oceanus. Oceanus proclaims himself Prometheus’s most faithful friend and declares that he will go immediately to Zeus on Prometheus’s behalf to beg for a release. Oceanus’s foil is the messenger god Hermes who attempts to use fear and threats to gain information for his master Zeus from Prometheus. These two characters yet again create in the story the sense of tension between the two warring groups.
The Chorus in “Prometheus Bound” is made up of the sympathetic Oceanides- daughters of Oceanus who follow all set parameters of a chorus. They sympathize with the mighty Prometheus- repeatedly shedding tears for him and admonishing his bold remarks thus setting up an ethical framework in the play. When the pitiable Io joins in the story the Chorus is then blatantly used as the perfect spectator reacting to her plight and the prophecies of Prometheus as we can only assume Aeschylus would have wanted his audience to react as well. From beginning to end the chorus sets the mood by first lamenting with Prometheus and responding to each of the new characters as they come, which highlights the shifts in the story as it goes along as well as a rhythm intrinsically related to, again, the power struggle going on between Zeus and Prometheus.
Zeus and Prometheus will forever be linked by more bonds than Zeus will know. “Prometheus Bound” showcases those links, the war of the Titans, the creation of mankind, this punishment and even the poor girl Io; but more it shows that when it comes to the Greek gods, power is always the most important thing. The lust for absolute power that consumes Zeus is expertly portrayed in the work through minions and punishments that don’t fit the crime of the caring Prometheus. The chorus provides the commentary between the two groups but readers will always be pulled toward the side of the chained Titan.
“Let his pride learn to bow to Jove supreme, / And love men well, but love them not too much (1),” Might touches on the struggle between love and pride, ironically, the lesson he feels that Prometheus, humble titan who gave the gift of fire to man at the cost of his own never-ending damnation, must learn. Prometheus Bound, by Æschylus, serves as a direct commentary about the dangers of excess pride without the balance of humility. It is the pride of Jove, the ruler of the gods and punisher of Prometheus, that becomes his greatest downfall in the conflict between him and Prometheus. Contrastingly, it is Prometheus’s humility towards humankind that leads to his eternal crucifixion, but a fate that he can endure for it was consequence of a noble action.
Throughout the play Jove displays prideful behavior in various aspects revealing it as a major character flaw. It is Jove’s pride that causes him to be against sharing the gift of fire with humanity, thus leading to the conflict with Prometheus. It is ironic that “Unless [Prometheus’s] aid prevent, his shameful fall, / Is doomed (17).” Prometheus is the only one that can reveal to Jove the marriage that will lead to his ruin; however, since Jove is too prideful to release Prometheus from his adamantine bonds, he is not willing to impart this knowledge. This conflict directly parallels the quarrel associated with providing man fire; however this time, Prometheus is not willing to give fire, or knowledge, to Jove. Still another aspect of Jove’s pride that will lead to his demise is that which caused him to haunt Io, the mortal Princess of Argos, leading her away from those who care most from her and into a world of jealous torments imparted by Hera, envious spouse of Jove. This action does not show love towards Io, but a selfish superficial desire to have her as his own, paying no attention to the consequence for her. It is these prideful decisions that will lead to his demise providing a parallel between Jove and Oedipus. It was Oedipus’s pride that caused him to curse himself without seeing the poison of his own marriage and past actions, the exact supposed proceedings that will lead to the overthrow of Jove.
On the other hand, Prometheus’s capacity for humility and love towards man is the reason for his eternal torture. Prometheus provides fire to humanity knowing that it will cost him his eternal freedom despite the fact that the humans do not deserve such a grand sacrifice. He is morally correct; however, he is still unrightfully punished for his self-sacrificing actions. Since Prometheus is gifted with foresight, he understands the hindrance of pride, and knows it will not lead towards good, but demise as is in the cards for Jove. His knowledge of the good his actions provided gives him the ability to endure an eternity of punishment. The Chorus, providing a moral compass, allows the audience to agree with Prometheus and see that it is in fact his humility that humankind must imitate not the prideful nature of Jove. This knowledge, allows them stand by Prometheus despite the threats they receive from Hermes, messenger to the gods. Another show of Prometheus’s humble nature is how adamant he is against Ocean speaking to Jove in Prometheus’s favor. Prometheus advises Ocean to“…Be wise / And what thy meddling aids not, let alone (7).” Prometheus knows the nature of Jove and does not want Ocean to also endure punishment for his sake.
This underlying theme of pride can provide an allegorical classification to this tragedy. The stark contrast is set up between the unrelenting prideful nature of Jove and the humble wise Prometheus. Jove’s nature drives him to punish Prometheus, and thus fall victim to his fate, which only Prometheus can foretell and thus possibly change its course. In contrast, Prometheus’s humble character shows that a self-sacrificing nature may lead to undesired consequences, but is the morally correct action and thus should be imitate not rebuked.
Greek Mythology, is a “love it” or “hate it” kind of genre. It is either seen as too far fetched or ideal for those who desire to get lost in a world of gods, titans, nymphs, and the possibility of the former two falling in love with mere mortals. Lucky for the audience, Aeschylus’s “Prometheus Bound”, is a delicious tale that incorporates all the above elements. Our protagonist, Prometheus, the titan, is one that readers cannot help but fall in love with. His interactions with the chorus and other characters show the audience he is a hopeless maverick who wants the best of both worlds--to bask in bravado, and be showered with pity and words of solace.
Prometheus was given in the task of creating human kind. The love for his creation led him to present humans with the gift of agriculture, mathematics, mining, and…fire. One almost sees where Disney got his inspiration for movies (Pinocchio)? Well, his last gift caused Zeus to go ballistic. How could this titan show such blatant disregard to the all mighty Zeus? Enter Kratus, Bia, and Hephaestus. These servants were ordered to chain Prometheus to a rock for generations to come.
Now, Prometheus is bound to this gigantic mountain, in some godforsaken rocky desert. All he can do is lament to the Chorus of his predicament. The audience will find the Chorus playing two roles. Prometheus is in desperate need of a friend, and the Chorus tries to show sympathy, “Which of the gods hath heart so hard to mock thy woes?” At the same time, the Chorus warns Prometheus for displaying so much defiance and anger toward Zeus,” Thou art a bold man, and defiest…with a most unreined tongue thou speakest…I fear for thee: and of thy woes the distant, doubtful end…” Still, Prometheus takes it upon himself to be prideful and make bold promises like, “No smooth words of artful charming, no stout threats shall loose my tongue, till he loose these bonds of insult, and himself make just atonement for injustice done to me.” He also claims, “Foreknew my fate, and if I erred, I erred with conscious purpose…” and the he goes on,”…But cease to weep for ills that weeping mends not…”
While the Chorus comforts Prometheus he is visited by Oceanus and Io. Oceanus just drops by as if it was a chore on his list of things to do and basically advises Prometheus to shape up,”A wise word to the wise; receive it wisely. Know what thou art, and make thy manners new; For a new king doth rule the subject gods…Hath ears, and with new pains may smite his victim…Listen to me; slack thy fierce ire, and seek speedy deliverance from these woes…” Io lingers a while listening to Prometheus foreshadow a series of events. He reveals to her that her son, child of Zeus, will be the one to free him, “From evil marriage reaping evil fruit…the son that she brings forth shall wound his father…from thy own womb descended…”
The elements of the Chorus were hard at work throughout this tragedy. Without them, we would be incapable of fearing Zeus, who never makes an actual appearance. All the same, he is such a tyrant; the mere mention of his name invokes terror, anger, maybe even hate. The tone and mood were well represented, leaving a cloud of anxiety, defiance, and sympathy resting above the audience’s heads. Rhythm was maintained through the Chorus’ cries to Prometheus. Each conversation , whether it was one of comfort or warning, provided the audience with great spectacle, through the use of poetic language and desperate lamenting.
If this whole” defying the gods” ordeal was to be compared to a modern scenario, I would like to present my choice sitcom situation:
ZEUS is played by the DMV.
PROMETHEUS is represented by the general public (teenagers anxiously awaiting their license, the elderly praying they pass their eye exam , and random patrons who are fulfilling trivial bureaucratic obligations).
KRATUS, BIA, HEPHEASTUS played by the bitter, mindless individuals sitting behind the “help” desk.
If one of the above groups angers the DMV, the grand assistants behind the desk have the authority to send you away, hand you more paperwork, or direct you to another…gasp...line. These lines were devices of torture procured from the lowliest depths of hell. Five minutes in one line is near an eternity. Anyone that may pass their reflection will learn: the “lunch break” stop at the DMV added ten years to their face. This sad truth is irreversible.
Prometheus Bound embodies a timeless conflict in literature, man’s inhumanity toward man—or more accurately god’s inhumanity toward god. Jove’s jealousy and suspicion of Prometheus led him to punish Prometheus too harshly by binding him to the mountain for all eternity. Might, Force, and Hephaestus are responsible for executing Jove’s orders; Might and Force as overseers and Hephaestus as master locksmith. Maybe Jove should have reconsidered Hephaestus’ role in the binding, however. For Hephaestus is one of the few characters who follow Jove’s commands while questioning the severity of and reason for the punishment. Ultimately the god reasons that dubiousness where Jove’s orders are concerned is dangerous since, “Where Jove commands, whoso neglects rebels, and pays the traitor’s fine.” Yet Hephaestus is only first in series of characters who question inwardly while conforming outwardly. Other characters follow Jove’s commands with blind obedience and others stand by their beliefs, regardless of Jove’s wrath.
Upon reluctantly deciding to continue binding Prometheus, Hephaestus pities him and weeps for his fellow god. Might then questions Hephaestus’ loyalty and thereafter Hephaestus hastily finishes the punishment. After Prometheus has been fastened to the rock for sometime, Oceanus visits and warns him not to speak badly of Jove since he is king of the gods and rules with fierce anger. Oceanus realizes, “Jove reigns a lord sever, and of his acts need give account to none.” Still, he recognizes Jove’s ire and vows to plead for a lesser penalty for Prometheus. Finally, Prometheus is the third character who ignores his feelings and follows Oceanus’ advice to limit his speech. Prometheus knows no other god deserves such cruelty, but for the sake of his freedom he will curb his tongue hoping to be unbound. Most of these characters ignored their internal questions and succumbed to Jove’s rule. Yet even more pathetic are those gods who do not question.
Might and Force not only obey Jove’s words blindly but are also the ministers responsible for enforcing Jove’s orders. They defame Prometheus in the opening scene, exemplifying their fickleness or ignorance; without Prometheus’ help, Jove would have lost the battle of power to the Titans. The two also mock Hephaestus and question his loyalty since he was sympathetic to Prometheus. The chorus of Oceanides, however is opposite to Jove’s ministers. When faced with the threat of oncoming fire and thunder from Jove, they ally with Prometheus. The chorus values genuine loyalty above anything else, including their own welfare. For this reason, they tell Jove’s messenger, Hermes, “Earth has plagues, but none more noisome than a faithless friend in need.” Prometheus no longer fears Jove or his wrath, also. He openly calls upon the world and its elements to witness Jove’s threats “walk forth in action.”
A character’s reaction to feelings, thoughts, and emotions brought on by circumstances in the plot is what truly defines that character. Characters either allow their emotions to define them, suppress these emotions but struggle throughout the story in doing so, or are too undeveloped or fickle to question. With the few characters in Prometheus Bound, Aeschylus demonstrates all three types. A hero who questions and inevitably stays true to his feelings paired with a chorus full of conviction comprise the first category. Pairs of characters, Hephaestus and Oceanus and Might and Force, define the second and latter categories respectively.
Prometheus Bound to Conviction
At first glance, Prometheus Bound, by Aeschylus, is a very sad tale. It is that of a Titan, called Prometheus, who is the creator of human kind. In an effort to help his creation, he puts himself at conflict with the immortal Jove, who is exalted. This clash of morals is due to Prometheus not killing the human race at the will of Jove, giving human beings fire, arts, and manners of sacrifice that are self-serving and minimal. In provoking this conflict by aiding the humans, Prometheus has condemned himself to eternity of being chained to a mountain; his liver being eaten by an eagle for the duration of the punishment.
Yes, at first glance, this Greek play seems sad, but upon further delving into the work, one might see that it actually depicts triumph of Prometheus over those that would demean human life. He looks to human life as something special, while some in the world of the gods might see it as trivial. Prometheus, chained to the mountain, is passed by various persons, gods and mortals alike, some lamenting his fate, and others chiding him for being so foolish in his actions against Jove.
His first encounter, after being chained to the rock, with the Oceanides gives evidence that he is not alone in his convictions of Jove’s wrongdoings. They “[m]ark Jove’s unrighteous rule,” and tell of the “strong wrath within his stubborn breast,” wailing of the injustice done against Prometheus. Upon hearing this, Prometheus tells of a time in the future when Jove will need his help, but he shows his unwillingness to help that god that would punish him for dignifying the human race.
His second visitor, Oceanus, while scolding him for crossing Jove, offers to go to the god and plead for the prisoner’s release. Asking Oceanus not to “waste labour upon [him],” and to “seek and more hopeful subject,” he sees that Jove is unbending, and would not want “want all [his] friends should suffer with [him],” and would rather see a dignified life for all beings, mortal and otherwise. Heeding this appeal, Oceanus departs, leaving the Oceanids to tell of the “names mighty and revered of yore, now shamed, dishonoured, and cast down,” for reason of his captivity, showing the recognition of intrinsic value of the dignity of the person by the human race. At the same time, the Oceanids criticize Prometheus for helping those who cannot help him in return, demonstrating a lack of understanding, even by those who are so close to divinity, of the value of the person.
When approached by Io, a daughter of royalty, who is being prodded by a gadfly, by cause of Jove’s infatuation with her, Prometheus again bewails the mistreatment of the human race by the gods. Trying to ease her suffering with even a glimmer of hope, he tells her that “[Jove] is doomed to fall [… by] one from [her] own womb descended.” The audience knows not whether or not this revelation brought any peace of mind, as she is driven off by the gadfly, once again, to roam the earth.
Upon his outburst that Jove will fall by one of his descendants, Hermes, the messenger of Jove, comes demanding to know who this descendant might be. Even under such pressure, Prometheus does not yield to Jove, knowing what he might do to this person. His insolence is punished by sending him to Tartarus to be perpetually tortured by Jove’s “winged hound […] to banquet on [his] gory liver.”
Even in the face of such adversities, Prometheus is triumphant in not wavering from his convictions of the value of the person. All of this occurred so because of his “great offence in aiding [humans], in teaching the babe to speak, and rousing torpid mind to take the grasp of itself” etc. In short, Prometheus triumphed in upholding the dignity of humans, to better their lives, so that they could live more abundantly in this world. This story is anything but sad. This martyrdom of Prometheus gives hope for humanity and our struggles in this world.
Thanks for getting your work in on time. The few comments I have looked at seem very interesting indeed. Ms Letostak
Prometheus Bound is the story of Jove’s punishment of the Titan Prometheus for giving fire to humans. When Aeschylus speaks of ‘fire’ he is actually referring to the progress of the human race. Jove is angry that Prometheus has such love for humankind. Jove sends Might and Force to do his bidding when he hears of what Prometheus has done. They make Hephaestus chain Prometheus to a rock. Hephaestus feels sorry for Prometheus and refuses to pierce him with bolts through the heart and feet. Might forces Hephaestus to complete him tasks. Hephaestus, feeling pity for his friend Prometheus completes his task. Prometheus, while chained to the rock, calls on nature to witness his suffering. The Oceanides enter at this point and act as the chorus throughout the rest of the play. They express their sympathy for Prometheus. Prometheus prophesizes Jove will need his help one day and will be forced to befriend him. Oceanus comes into the scene and tries to convince Jove to free Prometheus. Prometheus refuses Oceanus’s help so Oceanus leaves. In this part it is evident that the chorus is the moral framework because they portray Prometheus as being immoral. Prometheus taught humans many different skills. They chorus portrays Jove as being the good guy because he disagrees with Prometheus giving humans skills like agriculture, mining, and sailing. The chorus scolds Prometheus for not obey Jove. Prometheus reveals part of his prophecy but stops himself before he says the whole thing. The goddess Io enters and asks Prometheus why Jove is torturing her. Prometheus reveals that one day Jove will choose a mate whose son will destroy him. At the end, Prometheus mocks Hermes. Hermes warns him to stop but he doesn’t so he is sentenced to have an eagle eat his liver every day. The chorus foreshadows this event by advising Prometheus to stop mocking Hermes. Prometheus is eternally bound.
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